Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati (Born: 12 February 1824 – Died: 30 October 1883) was a great Hindu philosopher, social reformer, and the founder of the Arya Samaj. He emphasized the pure teachings of the Vedas and led a massive movement to eliminate social evils in Indian society. In 1876, he gave the slogan “Swaraj” (India for Indians), which was later adopted by Lokmanya Tilak.
Early Life
Dayananda Saraswati was born on February 12, 1824 (Date as per Hindu calendar), in Tankara, Kathiawar (now Morbi district, Gujarat), into a Hindu Brahmin family. According to the traditional Hindu calendar, Dayanand Saraswati was born on the Dashami date of Krishna Paksha in the month of Phalguna. His original name was Mool Shankar Tiwari (Trivedi). His father, Karshanji Lalji Trivedi, was a devoted follower of Lord Shiva, and his mother was Yashodabai.
At the age of eight, he underwent the Yajnopavita Sanskar (sacred thread ceremony), marking the start of his formal education. His father taught him the rituals of Shiva worship and the importance of fasting. On Shivratri, while staying awake for night-long worship, he saw a mouse eating the offerings and running over the idol. This made him question—if Shiva couldn’t protect himself, how could he protect the world?
The death of his younger sister and uncle deeply affected him, making him reflect on life and death. Though engaged in his teens, he rejected marriage and left home in 1846 in search of spiritual truth.
For the next 25 years (1845-1869), he lived as an ascetic, traveling across India and practicing meditation and yoga. He studied under Guru Virajanand Dandeesha, who believed Hinduism had strayed from its original Vedic roots. Dayananda vowed to restore the Vedas’ true essence and dedicated his life to reforming Hinduism.
Key Thoughts and Teachings
Dayanand Saraswati strongly opposed idol worship, superstitions, and unnecessary rituals, considering the Vedas as the ultimate source of truth. He accepted the principles of karma (actions) and rebirth and emphasized celibacy (Brahmacharya) and devotion to God as the foundation of life. He was a strong advocate for women’s rights and equality in society and opposed caste discrimination and untouchability.
Establishment of Arya Samaj
In 1875, he founded the Arya Samaj, with the aim of reforming religion and society based on Vedic principles. The Arya Samaj played a crucial role in education, women’s upliftment, and social reforms. This movement also inspired the Indian freedom struggle.
Major Works
Maharishi Dayanand wrote several important books, the most famous being “Satyarth Prakash” (The Light of Truth), in which he expressed his views on religion, society, and politics. He also wrote commentaries on the Vedas, such as “Rigveda Bhashya Bhumika” and “Yajurveda Bhashya”, to explain their true meaning.
Views on Other Religions
Dayanand Saraswati critically analyzed Christianity, Islam, Jainism, and Buddhism, pointing out their flaws. He urged Hindus to return to the Vedas and emphasized the need for a logical interpretation of religious texts.
Social Reforms
He actively opposed Sati (widow immolation), child marriage, and the caste system. He strongly supported women’s education and their rights, believing that everyone should have equal opportunities in society.
Death
In 1883, an attempt was made to poison him at the palace of the Maharaja of Jodhpur, which led to his death. Even in his final moments, he forgave his assassin.
Legacy
Dayanand Saraswati’s ideas had a deep impact on Indian society and the freedom movement. Even today, Arya Samaj continues to follow his principles. Various programs are held annually to honor his contributions.
Conclusion
Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati brought revolutionary changes to Indian society. He inspired people to follow the path of truth, religion, and justice and encouraged them to return to the true knowledge of the Vedas. His teachings remain relevant today and continue to guide society towards reform and progress.
Also Read:
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj: Founder of the Maratha Empire
- Know About Pulwama Attack 2019: The Black Day of India
