India’s foreign policy is constantly evolving, balancing continuity with adaptability to global changes. It is driven by four primary objectives: safeguarding national interests, creating a conducive environment for domestic development, strengthening India’s voice in global forums, and leveraging the diaspora for national development. Based on the Panchasheel principles, India’s approach emphasizes mutual respect, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, and peaceful coexistence.
Main Objectives of India’s Foreign Policy
India’s foreign policy aims to:
- Protect national security against external threats.
- Promote economic growth through strategic global partnerships.
- Enhance global influence by actively participating in international decision-making.
- Protect and empower the Indian diaspora around the world.
Guiding Principles of India’s Foreign Policy
- Panchasheel Principles: Upholding sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful coexistence.
- Strategic Autonomy: Maintaining independent foreign relations.
- “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family): Advocating global cooperation and inclusive growth.
The Global Geopolitical Landscape in 2025
The decade of the 2020s is marked by multidimensional crises. Challenges such as the COVID-19 shock, the long-running Russia-Ukraine conflict, and growing tensions between the US and China have reshaped the international order. Emerging power groups and economic restructuring are prompting India to redefine its global strategy.
India’s Role in Multilateral Organizations
- G20: India leads economic discussions and global governance reforms.
- BRICS: Strengthening cooperation with Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa.
- ASEAN and BIMSTEC: Enhancing regional trade, security, and infrastructure connectivity.
- Quad and SCO: Balancing strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific and Eurasia.
Neighbourhood First Policy
India prioritises regional stability and economic integration with its neighbours:
- Bangladesh: Strengthening trade and connectivity despite policy changes in Dhaka.
- Nepal: Addressing political differences while enhancing energy cooperation.
- Sri Lanka: Supporting economic reform and development projects.
- Maldives: Managing diplomatic tensions while ensuring strategic cooperation.
- Bhutan: Expanding energy and infrastructure cooperation.
Act East and Think West Policies
- Act East: Deepening ties with ASEAN countries, enhancing maritime security and promoting trade.
- Think West: Strengthening partnerships with Gulf countries, Africa and Latin America to secure energy and trade corridors.
India’s Strategic Partnerships
- United States: Expanding defence, technology and economic cooperation.
- Russia: Maintaining strong defence and energy partnerships despite geopolitical complexities.
- European Union: Strengthening trade, green energy and technology cooperation.
- Japan and Australia: Strengthening the Indo-Pacific security framework and trade agreements.
India-China Relations in 2025
India’s complex relationship with China remains a major challenge:
- Border tensions persist, with concerns over Chinese military presence near disputed areas.
- Economic interdependence continues but with strategic efforts to reduce reliance on Chinese imports.
- Regional competition in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific continues to influence diplomatic engagement.
India’s Defence and Security Strategies
- Modernisation of the military with advanced weapons and indigenous defence production.
- Strengthening maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
- Enhancing cyber defence capabilities against global cyber threats.
Technology and Trade Diplomacy
- AI and Semiconductor Alliance: Collaborating with the US, Japan and the EU to develop a resilient supply chain.
- Digital Trade Agreements: Expanding cross-border technology partnerships.
- Start-up and Innovation Diplomacy: Encouraging tech-based international investment.
Energy and Climate Diplomacy
- Renewable Energy Partnership: Accelerating India’s transition to solar and wind energy.
- Net-Zero Commitments: Leading global climate initiatives under COP frameworks.
- Sustainable Infrastructure: Partnering with global investors for green projects.
Challenges and Opportunities Ahead
- Managing Geopolitical Conflicts: Navigating Global Power Shifts While Maintaining Strategic Autonomy.
- Strengthening Economic Resilience: Enhancing Global Trade Participation Amid Uncertainties.
- Expanding Diplomatic Networks: Enhancing India’s Role in Shaping Global Policies.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: What are India’s key foreign policy priorities in 2025?
Answer: India focuses on national security, economic diplomacy, regional stability and global leadership through strategic alliances.
Q: How does India manage its relations with China?
Answer: India adopts a balanced approach in addressing border issues while maintaining economic ties and regional cooperation.
Q: What is India’s role in multilateral organisations?
Answer: India actively participates in G20, BRICS, QUAD, ASEAN and BIMSTEC, advocating global reforms and economic growth.
Q: How is India strengthening its defence capabilities?
Answer: India is modernising its military, enhancing cybersecurity and strengthening maritime defence in the Indo-Pacific.
Q: What are India’s energy and climate goals?
Answer: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions, expand renewable energy projects, and promote sustainable infrastructure.
Q: How does India engage with its neighbours?
Answer: Through the Neighbourhood First policy, India prioritises economic, infrastructure and security cooperation with its neighbours.
Conclusion
As India moves towards its Vision 2047 of a developed nation, its foreign policy remains a dynamic mix of pragmatism and strategic foresight. By strengthening global partnerships, economic resilience, and diplomatic engagement, India is poised to play a key role in shaping the future world order.
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