If there is any article in the entire Constitution that needs interpretation the most, it is Article 21. A good constitution helps in running the country for a very long time. But with changing times, both politics and thinking change and not every article of the Constitution may be equally applicable in every situation.

What is Article 21?

Article 21 declares that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure prescribed by law. This right is available to both citizens and foreigners. In the famous Gopalan case, the Supreme Court gave a narrow interpretation of Article 21, holding that protection under Article 21 is available only against executive action. This means that the state cannot deprive any person of life and personal liberty based on law.

Meaning and Scope of Physical Freedom

The term personal liberty used in Article 21 is a term with a very wide meaning and thus it includes all those essential elements of personal liberty which help in making the individual whole. In this sense, the phrase also includes all the rights of freedom conferred by Article 19. But initially, the Supreme Court gave a very narrow meaning to this phrase.

Procedure Established by Law

This is because of the expression ‘due process established by law’, which is different from the expression ‘due process established by law’ contained in the US Constitution. Therefore the validity of the law cannot be questioned on the ground that it is unfair or unjust. But in Maneka’s case, the Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Gopalan case and Anu. Article 21 has been explained in detail. He therefore ruled that a person’s right to life and personal liberty may be deprived by law, provided it is justified. In other words, he introduced the US lawdue process of law’ protected under Article 21. It should be available not only against arbitrary executive action but also against arbitrary legislative action. The ‘right to life’ written in Article 21 is not limited to mere animal existence or existence, but its scope includes the right to live with human dignity and all those aspects of life that make a person’s life meaningful, and complete. it’s worth it.

Declaration of Rights

The Supreme Court has declared the following rights to be part of Article 21:

  • Live with Human Dignity (рдорд╛рдирд╡реАрдп рдЧрд░рд┐рдорд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЬрд┐рдпреЛ)
  • True to Life (рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╕рдЪреНрдЪрд╛)
  • Good for Health (рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рд╣реА)
  • Right to Shelter (рдЖрд╢реНрд░рдп рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Privacy (рдирд┐рдЬрддрд╛/рдЧреЛрдкрдиреАрдпрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • A good civilized environment with free water and air and protection from hazardous industries (рдореБрдлрд╝реНрдд рдкрд╛рдиреА рдФрд░ рд╣рд╡рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЦрддрд░рдирд╛рдХ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рд╕рднреНрдп рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рд╡рд░рдг)
  • Right to Sleep (рд╕реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to be Free from Noise Pollution (рдзреНрд╡рдирд┐ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг рд╕реЗ рдореБрдХреНрдд рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Women deserve Good Treatment and Respect (рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдПрдВ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рд╕рдореНрдорд╛рди рдХреА рдкрд╛рддреНрд░ рд╣реИрдВ)
  • Right Against Custodial Torture (рд╣рд┐рд░рд╛рд╕рдд рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╛рддрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Social and Economic Life and Empowerment (рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдЬрд┐рдХ рдПрд╡рдВ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдПрд╡рдВ рд╕рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐рдХрд░рдг рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Travel Abroad (рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Timely Treatment in Government Hospitals (рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдЕрд╕реНрдкрддрд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдЗрд▓рд╛рдЬ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Free Education till the Age of 14 years (рдЪреМрджрд╣ рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рдХреА рдЖрдпреБ рддрдХ рдирд┐рдГрд╢реБрд▓реНрдХ рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Emergency Medical AID (рдЖрдкрд╛рддрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right Against Handcuffs (рд╣рдердХрдбрд╝реА рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to the Appropriate Mark (рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рдЪрд┐рд╣реНрди рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right Against Solitary Confinement (рдПрдХрд╛рдиреНрдд рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рд╡рд╛рд╕ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Free Legal Aid (рдирд┐рдГрд╢реБрд▓реНрдХ рдХрд╛рдиреВрдиреА рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right not to Leave the State (рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рди рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Electricity (рдмрд┐рдЬрд▓реА рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right Against Inhuman Behavior (рдЕрдорд╛рдирд╡реАрдп рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Reputation (рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╖реНрдард╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right Against Public Hanging (рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдлрд╛рдБрд╕реА рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right Against Bonded Labor (рдмрдВрдзреБрдЖ рдордЬрджреВрд░реА рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Information (рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right to Marry as per one’s wish (рдЕрдкрдиреА рдЗрдЪреНрдЫрд╛рдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╡рд┐рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Protection of Cultural Heritage (рд╕рд╛рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рд╕рдд рдХрд╛ рд╕рдВрд░рдХреНрд╖рдг)
  • Right against Delayed Execution (рд╡рд┐рд▓рдВрдмрд┐рдд рдирд┐рд╖реНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)
  • Right of Every Child to a full Development (рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░)

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1 Comment

  • Sheryll Frietsch
    Sheryll Frietsch
    February 28, 2024 at 2:01 PM

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