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THE HINDU

1.

The saga of regulating India's thermal power emissions

On December 30, 2024, India's Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) issued a notification amending the Environment Protection Rules by pushing back the deadline for thermal plants to comply with sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission norms by three years without any reasons being given. The MOEFCC revised the emission norms for Indian thermal plants in December 2015 after public consultations, and all thermal plants were expected to comply with them by December 2017 despite it being a tight deadline. Indian coal generally has a lower sulphur content than other coal, which should have made it easier for Indian thermal plants to meet the SO2 emission norms. But rather than focusing on the best ways to meet the norms – given Indian coal's characteristics – the debate morphed into the challenges around implementing the flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) technology for desulphurisation of high-sulphur coal. The CEA also commissioned a study from IIT Delhi in 2022 which concluded that the installation of FGDs does provide air quality benefits but argued for extending the timelines due to issues such as FGDs being expensive, their supply chain being inadequate, and their operation leading to increased coal consumption (and hence greenhouse gas emissions).


2.

Should India build a sovereign, foundational AI model?

In 2023, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman's remarks in India on the cost of training foundational AI models – like the ones that power ChatGPT – sparked a debate on whether Indian firms should spend millions of dollars on the aim of that technology. The issue pits sovereignty and national pride against financial constraints. Even with DeepSeek, this remains a game of a few hundreds of millions of dollars. DeepSeek V3's training run cost $5.6 million. But in cutting-edge research, there are a lot of failed attempts at that goal. So we are still talking about hundreds of millions of dollars in investments. Even if you produce a foundational model in India, there is still a lot to do – paying salaries and so on before you can make money back on that investment. 


3.

On the appointment of ad-hoc judges to High Courts

To address the growing backlog of criminal cases, the Supreme Court allowed High Courts to appoint retired judges on an ad-hoc basis, provided they hear only criminal appeals as part of a Bench led by a sitting judge. Article 224-A, introduced by the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, allows the appointment of retired judges to High Courts on an ad-hoc basis. Such appointments require the consent of both the retired judge and the President of India. These judges receive allowances as determined by the President's order and exercise the same jurisdiction, powers, and privileges as a sitting High Court judge. The CJI-led Bench noted that, there are 62 lakh pending cases across High Courts, according to data from the National Judicial Data Grid. To tackle this growing pendency, the Court decided to set aside the condition laid down in Lok Prahari, which permitted the appointment of ad-hoc judges only when judicial vacancies exceeded 20% of the sanctioned strength. 


4.

₹10,147-crore worth contracts signed for Pinaka ammunition

The Defence Ministry signed contracts worth ₹10,147 crore for a variety of ammunition for the Army's Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch Systems (MRLS). The ammunition also enhances the range of the Pinaka systems. Contracts were inked with Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) and Munitions India Limited (MIL) for the procurement of Area Denial Munition (ADM) Type-1 and High Explosive Pre-Fragmented (HEPF)-Mk-1 (enhanced) rockets respectively for Pinaka MRLS at a total cost of ₹10,147 crore, a Ministry statement said. A contract for upgrades in Shakti software has also been signed with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).


5.

U.S. doubles down on deportations amid outrage over shackled Indian immigrants returned on military plane

Amid outrage in India over the treatment of Indian de-portees, the U.S. has doubled down on its decision to fly the alleged illegal immigrants shackled and handcuffed aboard a U.S. military C-17 plane. Asked about the reason for the unusually harsh transport methods, which caused a furore in Parliament, U.S. Embassy spokesperson Chris Elms said here on Thursday that the U.S. considered the move "critically important". The tough statements indicate that the U.S. decision to use military planes for deportations is deliberate. Apart from India, the U.S. military's C-17s and C-130s have been used for a number of countries including Guatemala, Peru, Honduras and Ecuador as well as Colombia, whose President Gustavo Pedro objected to the use of the "undignified" manner of transport. 


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